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Artificial Intelligence in Biobanking: Ethical, Legal and Societal Challenges

This insightful collection highlights the ethical, legal and societal issues associated with the increasing role played by artificial intelligence (AI) in medical biobanks, a key research resource in the global study of disease prevention and the improving of individual care.

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  • Mayrhofer, M. T. 2026. „With Power Comes Responsibility.“ Biopreservation and Biobanking. doi: 10.1177/19475535261455323
  • Kozlakidis, Z., T. Wootton, and M. T. Mayrhofer. 2026. „Through the Looking Glass: Ethical Considerations Regarding LLM-Induced Hallucinations to Medical Questions.“ Front Digit Health 8:1736616. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1736616.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T., S. Slokenberga, and S. Mežinska, eds. 2025. Artificial Intelligence in Biobanking: Ethical, Legal and Societal Challenges. London: Routledge..doi: 10.4324/9781032634487
  • Mayrhofer, M. T. 2025. „Powerful AI: Between Accountability and Potentiality.“ In Artificial Intelligence in Biobanking: Ethical, Legal and Societal Challenges, edited by M. T. Mayrhofer, S. Slokenberga, and S. Mežinska, 206–225. London: Routledge.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T., Z. Kozlakidis, and M. Lavitrano. 2025. „Insights and Outlook from the First Ethical, Legal, and Social Implication Symposium of the BBMRI-ERIC Academy at International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization“ Biopreservation and Biobanking doi: 10.1177/19475535251370
  • Rujano, M. A., J. W. Boiten, C. Ohmann, S. Canham, S. Contrino, R. David, J. Ewbank, C. Filippone, C. Connellan, I. Custers, R. van Nuland, M. T. Mayrhofer, P. Holub, E. G. Álvarez, E. Bacry, N. Hughes, M. A. Freeberg, B. Schaffhauser, H. Wagener, A. Sánchez-Pla, G. Bertolini, and M. Panagiotopoulou. 2024. „Sharing Sensitive Data in Life Sciences: An Overview of Centralized and Federated Approaches.“ Brief Bioinform 25 (4). doi: 10.1093/bib/bbae262.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T. 2024. „How-to Guide: Ethics Café.“ Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14530952.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T., Z. Kozlakidis, and M. Lavitrano. 2024. Proceedings of the 1st ELSI Symposium: Ethical, Legal and Societal Insights & Outlook for Biobanks and Medical Research. Lyon. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.12742870
  • Loizidou, E. M., M. Kyratzi, M. A. Tsiarli, A. C. Kakouri, G. Charalambidou, S. Antoniou, S. Pieri, P. Veloudi, M. T. Mayrhofer, A. Wutte, L. Kozera, J. Habermann, H. Muller, K. Zatloukal, K. Sargsyan, A. Michaelides, M. Papaioannou, C. Schizas, A. Malatras, G. Papagregoriou, and C. Deltas. 2024. „biobank.cy: The Biobank of Cyprus Past, Present and Future.“ Scientific Reports 14 (1):28517. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78644-4.
  • Akyüz, K., M. Goisauf, G. M. Martin, M. T. Mayrhofer, S. Antoniou, G. Charalambidou, C. Deltas, A. Malatras, G. Papagregoriou, C. Stefanou, and M. Voutounou. 2024. „Risk Mapping for Better Governance in Biobanking: The Case of biobank.cy.“ Frontiers in Genetics 15. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1397156.
  • Akyüz, K., M. Cano Abadía, M. Goisauf, and M. T. Mayrhofer. 2024. „Unlocking the Potential of Big Data and AI in Medicine: Insights from Biobanking.“ Frontiers in Medicine 11. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1336588.
  • Vears, D. F., N. Hallowell, H. Beate Bentzen, B. Ellul, T. Haugdahl Nøst, A. Kerasidou, S. M. Kerr, M. T. Mayrhofer, S. Mežinska, E. Ormondroyd, B. Solberg, B. Wirum Sand, and I. Budin-Ljøsne. 2023. „A Practical Checklist for Return of Results from Genomic Research in the European Context.“ European Journal of Human Genetics. doi: 10.1038/s41431-023-01328-6.
  • Tzortzatou-Nanopoulou, O., K. Akyüz, M. Goisauf, L. Kozera, S. Mežinska, M. T. Mayrhofer, S. Slokenberga, J. Reichel, T. Croxton, A. Ziaka, and M. Makri. 2023. „Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications in Research Biobanking: A Checklist for Navigating Complexity.“ Developing World Bioethics 24 (3):139–150. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12411.
  • Schlünder, I., M. T Mayrhofer, and E. Ene. 2023. Elements of Secure Processing Environments (Workshop Report) V1.0. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8341642
  • Fritzsche, M.-C., K. Akyüz, M. Cano Abadía, S. McLennan, P. Marttinen, M. T. Mayrhofer, and A. M. Buyx. 2023. „Ethical Layering in AI-Driven Polygenic Risk Scores—New Complexities, New Challenges.“ Frontiers in Genetics 14. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1098439.
  • Fortier, I., T. W. Wey, J. Bergeron, A. Pinot de Moira, A. M. Nybo-Andersen, T. Bishop, M. J. Murtagh, M. Miočević, M. A. Swertz, E. van Enckevort, Y. Marcon, M. T. Mayrhofer, J. P. Ornelas, S. Sebert, A. C. Santos, A. Rocha, R. C. Wilson, L. E. Griffith, and P. Burton. 2023. „Life Course of Retrospective Harmonization Initiatives: Key Elements to Consider.“ J Dev Orig Health Dis 14 (2):190–198. doi: 10.1017/s2040174422000460.
  • Ohmann, C., R. David, M. Cano Abadia, F. Bietrix, J.-W. Boiten, S. Canham, M. L. Chiusano, W. Dastrù, A. Laroquette, D. Longo, M. T. Mayrhofer, M. Panagiotopoulou, A. Richard, and P. E. Verde. 2022. „Pilot Study on the Intercalibration of a Categorisation System for FAIRer Digital Objects Related to Sensitive Data in the Life Sciences.“ Data Intelligence 4 (2):196–211. doi: 10.1162/dint_a_00126.
  • Casati, S., B. Ellul, M. T. Mayrhofer, M. T. Lavitrano, E. Caboux, and Z. Kozlakidis. 2022. „Paediatric Biobanking for Health: The Ethical, Legal, and Societal Landscape.“ Front Public Health 10:917615. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917615.
  • Bak, M., V. I. Madai, M. C. Fritzsche, M. T. Mayrhofer, and S. McLennan. 2022. „You Can’t Have AI Both Ways: Balancing Health Data Privacy and Access Fairly.“ Front Genet 13:929453. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.929453.
  • Tzortzatou, O., S. Slokenberga, J. Reichel, A. da Costa Andrade, C. Barbosa, S. Bekaert, E.-B. van Veen, C. M. Romeo-Casabona, K. Ó Cathaoir, G. Chassang, A. Debucquoy, J.-J. Derèze, L. Dollé, S. Eaker Fält, R. Halouzka, M. Hartlev, M. Hisbergues, N. Hoppe, I. Huys, E. Kindt, A. Kjersti Befring, L. Kozera, D. Krekora-Zajac, T. Lalova, M. T. Mayrhofer, A. Negrouk, J. Pawlikowski, S. Penasa, K. Pormeister, E. Rial-Sebbag, A. Siapka, T. Southerington, M. Stenbeck, M. Šutalo, M. Tomasi, P. Valcke, and R. Vella Falzon. 2021. „Biobanking Across Europe Post-GDPR: A Deliberately Fragmented Landscape.“ In GDPR and Biobanking: Individual Rights, Public Interest and Research Regulation across Europe, edited by S. Slokenberga, O. Tzortzatou, and J. Reichel, 397–419. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Müller, H., M. T. Mayrhofer, E.-B. Veen, and A. Holzinger. 2021. „The Ten Commandments of Ethical Medical AI.“ Computer 54:119–123. doi: 10.1109/mc.2021.3074263.
  • Devriendt, T., C. Ammann, F. W. Asselbergs, A. Bernier, R. Costas, M. G. Friedrich, J. L. Gelpi, M. R. Jarvelin, K. Kuulasmaa, K. Lekadir, M. T. Mayrhofer, V. Papez, G. Pasterkamp, S. E. Petersen, C. O. Schmidt, J. Schulz-Menger, S. Söderberg, M. Shabani, G. Veronesi, D. S. Viezzer, and P. Borry. 2021. „An Agenda-Setting Paper on Data Sharing Platforms: euCanSHare Workshop [Version 2; Peer Review: 2 Approved].“ Open Research Europe 1 (80). doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.13860.2.
  • Colombo, C., M. T. Mayrhofer, C. Kubiak, S. Battaglia, M. Matei, M. Lavitrano, S. Casati, V. Chico, I. Schlünder, T. Carapina, and P. Mosconi. 2021. „The CORBEL Matrix on Informed Consent in Clinical Studies: A Multidisciplinary Approach of Research Infrastructures Building Enduring Life-Science Services.“ BMC Med Ethics 22 (1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12910-021-00639-x.
  • Akyüz, K., G. Chassang, M. Goisauf, L. Kozera, S. Mežinska, O. Tzortzatou, and M. T. Mayrhofer. 2021. „Biobanking and Risk Assessment: A Comprehensive Typology of Risks for an Adaptive Risk Governance.“ Life Sci Soc Policy 17 (1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40504-021-00117-7.
  • Jahns, R., M. Lavitrano, G. Chassang, M. T. Mayrhofer, M. Goisauf, A. Adeniran, K. Akyüz, M. Cano Abadía, and S. Casati. 2020. „BBMRI-ERIC ELSI Services & Research Q&A on COVID-19 & ELSI.“ doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3839273.
  • Holub, P., L. Kozera, F. Florindi, E. van Enckevort, M. Swertz, R. Reihs, A. Wutte, D. Valík, M. T. Mayrhofer, and BBMRI-ERIC Community on behalf of the. 2020. „BBMRI-ERIC’s Contributions to Research and Knowledge Exchange on COVID-19.“ European Journal of Human Genetics 28 (6):728–731. doi: 10.1038/s41431-020-0634-8.
  • Catchpoole, D. R., F. Florindi, C. Ahern, D. L. Garcia, P. Mullins, E. van Enckevort, A. Zaayenga, M. T. Mayrhofer, and P. Holub. 2020. „Expanding the BBMRI-ERIC Directory into a Global Catalogue of COVID-19–Ready Collections: A Joint Initiative of BBMRI-ERIC and ISBER.“ Biopreserv Biobank 18 (5):479–480. doi: 10.1089/bio.2020.29075.drc.
  • Saunders, G., M. Baudis, R. Becker, S. Beltran, C. Béroud, E. Birney, C. Brooksbank, S. Brunak, M. van den Bulcke, R. Drysdale, S. Capella-Gutierrez, P. Flicek, F. Florindi, P. Goodhand, I. Gut, J. Heringa, P. Holub, J. Hooyberghs, N. Juty, T. M. Keane, J. O. Korbel, I. Lappalainen, B. Leskosek, G. Matthijs, M. T. Mayrhofer, A. Metspalu, A. Navarro, S. Newhouse, T. Nyrönen, A. Page, B. Persson, A. Palotie, H. Parkinson, J. Rambla, D. Salgado, E. Steinfelder, M. A. Swertz, A. Valencia, S. Varma, N. Blomberg, and S. Scollen. 2019. „Leveraging European Infrastructures to Access 1 Million Human Genomes by 2022.“ Nat Rev Genet 20 (11):693–701. doi: 10.1038/s41576-019-0156-9.
  • Salman, A., R. Baber, L. Hannigan, J. K. Habermann, M. K. Henderson, M. T. Mayrhofer, and N. Afifi. 2019. „Qatar Biobank Milestones in Building a Successful Biobank.“ Biopreserv Biobank 17 (6):485–486. doi: 10.1089/bio.2019.0083.
  • Simell, B. A., O. M. Törnwall, I. Hämäläinen, H. E. Wichmann, G. Anton, P. Brennan, L. Bouvard, N. Slimani, A. Moskal, M. Gunter, K. Zatloukal, J. T. Minion, S. Soini, M. T. Mayrhofer, M. T, J. Murtagh, G. J. van Ommen, M. Johansson, and M. Perola. 2019. „Transnational Access to Large Prospective Cohorts in Europe: Current Trends and Unmet Needs.“ N Biotechnol 49:98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.10.001.
  • Mascalzoni, D., H. B. Bentzen, I. Budin-Ljøsne, L. A. Bygrave, J. Bell, E. S. Dove, C. Fuchsberger, K. Hveem, M. T. Mayrhofer, V. Meraviglia, D. R. O’Brien, C. Pattaro, P. P. Pramstaller, V. Rakić, A. Rossini, M. Shabani, D. J. B. Svantesson, M. Tomasi, L. Ursin, M. Wjst, and J. Kaye. 2019. „Are Requirements to Deposit Data in Research Repositories Compatible With the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation?“ Ann Intern Med 170 (5):332–334. doi: 10.7326/m18-2854.
  • Goisauf, M., G. Martin, H. B. Bentzen, I. Budin-Ljøsne, L. Ursin, A. Durnová, L. Leitsalu, K. Smith, S. Casati, M. Lavitrano, D. Mascalzoni, M. Boeckhout, and M. T. Mayrhofer. 2019. „Data in Question: A Survey of European Biobank Professionals on Ethical, Legal and Societal Challenges of Biobank Research.“ PLoS One 14 (9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221496.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T., and I. Schlünder. 2018. „Mind the Gap: From Tool to Knowledge Base.“ Biopreserv Biobank 16 (6):458–462. doi: 10.1089/bio.2018.0018.
  • Holub, P., F. Kohlmayer, F. Prasser, M. T. Mayrhofer, I. Schlünder, G. M. Martin, S. Casati, L. Koumakis, A. Wutte, L. Kozera, D. Strapagiel, G. Anton, G. Zanetti, O. U. Sezerman, M. Mendy, D. Valík, M. Lavitrano, G. Dagher, K. Zatloukal, G. B. van Ommen, and J. E. Litton. 2018. „Enhancing Reuse of Data and Biological Material in Medical Research: From FAIR to FAIR-Health.“ Biopreserv Biobank 16 (2):97–105. doi: 10.1089/bio.2017.0110.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T., P. Holub, A. Wutte, and J. E. Litton. 2016. „BBMRI-ERIC: The Novel Gateway to Biobanks. From Humans to Humans.“ Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 59 (3):379–384. doi: 10.1007/s00103-015-2301-8.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T. 2013. „Biobanks and Research Infrastructures.“ In Strengthening Intangible Infrastructures, edited by Elisabeth Kampferer, Andreas Koch, and Clemens Sedmak, 287–300. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Mayrhofer, M. T. 2013. „About the New Significance and the Contingent Meaning of Biological Material and Data in Biobanks.“ Hist Philos Life Sci 35 (3):449–467. PMID: 24779112.